Klinika Oczna

Abstract

3/2025 vol. 127
Review article

Etiology, diagnosis, and management of partially accommodative esotropia

  1. Orto-Optica Centrum Dobrego Widzenia, Kraków, Polska Katedra Okulistyki i Ortoptyki, Uniwersytet w Sheffield, Wielka Brytania; Orto-Optica Center for Good Vision, Krakow, Poland; Department of Ophthalmology and Orthoptics, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
KLINIKA OCZNA 2025, 127, 3: 108-113
Online publish date: 2025/09/04
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This paper presents an overview of partially accommodative esotro­pia focusing on its key characteristics, classification, and underlying mechanisms, primarily associated with uncorrected hyperopia and a high accommodative convergence to accommodation (AC/A) ra­tio. Diagnostic approaches, including refraction testing, visual acuity assessment, measurement of the angle of strabismus, prism adapta­tion testing, AC/A ratio evaluation, and binocular vision testing, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of accurate spec­tacle correction, also with the use of bifocal lenses, in conservative treatment. Additionally, invasive options used in the management of partially accommodative esotropia, such as botulinum toxin injec­tions and strabismus surgery, are briefly explored.
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