Etiology, diagnosis, and management of partially accommodative esotropia

This paper presents an overview of partially accommodative esotro­pia focusing on its key characteristics, classification, and underlying mechanisms, primarily associated with uncorrected hyperopia and a high accommodative convergence to accommodation (AC/A) ra­tio. Diagnostic approaches, including refraction testing, visual acuity assessment, measurement of the angle of strabismus, prism adapta­tion testing, AC/A ratio evaluation, and binocular vision testing, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of accurate spec­tacle correction, also with the use of bifocal lenses, in conservative treatment. Additionally, invasive options used in the management of partially accommodative esotropia, such as botulinum toxin injec­tions and strabismus surgery, are briefly explored.