Abstract
3/2025
vol. 127
Review article
Etiology, diagnosis, and management of partially accommodative esotropia
- Orto-Optica Centrum Dobrego Widzenia, Kraków, Polska Katedra Okulistyki i Ortoptyki, Uniwersytet w Sheffield, Wielka Brytania; Orto-Optica Center for Good Vision, Krakow, Poland; Department of Ophthalmology and Orthoptics, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
KLINIKA OCZNA 2025, 127, 3: 108-113
Online publish date: 2025/09/04
This paper presents an overview of partially accommodative esotropia focusing on its key characteristics, classification, and underlying mechanisms, primarily associated with uncorrected hyperopia and a high accommodative convergence to accommodation (AC/A) ratio. Diagnostic approaches, including refraction testing, visual acuity assessment, measurement of the angle of strabismus, prism adaptation testing, AC/A ratio evaluation, and binocular vision testing, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of accurate spectacle correction, also with the use of bifocal lenses, in conservative treatment. Additionally, invasive options used in the management of partially accommodative esotropia, such as botulinum toxin injections and strabismus surgery, are briefly explored.
Keywords
partially accommodative esotropia, hyperopia, ratio of accommodative convergence to accommodation, bifocals, diagnosis, management
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