INTRODUCTION
Ignacy Abramowicz was a Polish ophthalmologist and surgeon, and the author of approximately 130 scientific publications in the field of ophthalmology. He is recognized as one of the co-founders of the Medical Academy in Gdańsk. This paper aims to present his biography and examine his scientific achievements and contributions to the development of ophthalmology in the 20th century.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was based on materials obtained from the University Library of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn and the Library of the Medical University of Gdańsk. In addition, digital archival materials and publications by Ignacy Abramowicz were used.
BIOGRAPHY
Ignacy Abramowicz was born on 14 April 1890, in Łódź, into a merchant family of Jewish origin (Figure 1). His father, Ludwik, died in 1923, while his mother, Berta (née Abramowicz), was murdered by the Gestapo in 1941 [1, 2, 3].
He completed his secondary education at a gymnasium in Puławy. In 1909, he began his medical studies in Warsaw, which he then continued at the University of Moscow until 1914. Following the outbreak of World War I, he joined the Russian army.
In 1917, he obtained his medical degree, formally completing his medical studies in Moscow. That August, he became an assistant at a clinic in Kyiv, and the following year he joined the Ophthalmic Institute in Warsaw, working under Dr. Walenty Hieronim Kamocki (1858–1923). Between 1919 and 1922, Abramowicz served as a captain-physician in the Polish Army, working in regional military hospitals in Przemyśl, Brest-on-the-Bug, Grodno, and Vilnius. He remained in the reserves until 1937. In 1923, he moved to Vilnius, where he took up a position at the ophthalmology clinic of the Stefan Batory University (now Vilnius University) (Figure 2) [2, 4–11].
Figure 2
The Faculty Council of the Faculty of Medicine at Stefan Batory University in Vilnius in the Poczobutt Courtyard after the inauguration of the 1938/1939 academic year. From left: Professors Ignacy Abramowicz, Włodzimierz Mozołowski, Michał Reicher, Jan Kruszyński, Brunon Nowakowski, Jan Muszyński, Władysław Jakowicki, Aleksander Januszkiewicz, Władysław Karaffa-Korbutt, Stanisław Hiller, Kazimierz Pelczar, Władysław Bujak, Emil Leyko, Kornel Michejda, Janina Hurynowicz, Tadeusz Pawlas, Henryk Ruebenbauer, Włodzimierz Godłowski, Czesław Czarnowski, Stanisław Legeżyński. Arrows indicate the professors who, after the war and subsequent relocation, settled in Gdańsk and became co-founders of the Medical Academy [4]
Under the supervision of Prof. Juliusz Szymański (1870– 1958), he obtained his doctoral degree in 1926 based on a dissertation titled “O skroniowym ścieśnieniu pola widzenia podczas ciąży” [On temporal narrowing of the visual field during pregnancy]. Two years later, he completed his habilitation with a study entitled “Badania nad ciśnieniem krwi w naczyniach oka” [Studies on blood pressure in the ocular vessels] [2, 5–7, 11].
In 1932, his textbook titled Okulistyka w nagłej potrzebie [Ophthalmology in emergency care. For use by students and physicians] was published in Vilnius [12, 13]. Two years later, Abramowicz was awarded the title of titular professor, and in 1936, he became an associate professor and took over as head of the department following Prof. Szymański’s retirement [2, 6, 7, 14, 15].
Following the incorporation of Vilnius into Lithuania under the Soviet-Lithuanian agreement, the Lithuanian authorities closed the Stefan Batory University on 15 December 1939 and established a new institution with Lithuanian as the language of instruction [16]. Due to this situation, Abramowicz assumed the position of scientific director at the Municipal Eye Hospital in Vilnius. Between 1943 and 1944, he was forced to suspend his medical practice due to Gestapo activity. In July 1944, he returned to work at the hospital in Vilnius, and in January of the following year, he relocated to Lublin, where he took over as head of the Chair and Department of Ophthalmology at the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University [2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14].
In June 1946, he moved to Gdańsk. In July and August of the previous year (1945), histologist and embryologist Stanisław Hiller (1891–1965), biochemist Włodzimierz Mozołowski (1895–1975), dermatologist Tadeusz Pawlas (1891–1953), and surgeon Kornel Michejda (1887–1960) – scholars displaced from the Stefan Batory University in Vilnius – arrived in Gdańsk. They were followed by anatomist and anthropologist Michał Reicher (1888–1973) in February 1946. In June of that year, Prof. Ignacy Abramowicz took over as head of the Chair and Department of Ophthalmology (formerly the Eye Department in Gdańsk). In this way, the Medical Academy in Gdańsk – today the Medical University of Gdańsk – came to inherit the academic traditions of Vilnius (Figures 3 and 4) [2–6, 8, 10, 13, 17–21].
Figure 3
Prof. Ignacy Abramowicz among assistants (1955). From left: Dr Kozakiewicz, Dr Przyborowska, Dr Jaworska, Dr Dybicka, Dr Mielnikowa, Dr Śmiechowska, Dr Fabiszewska, Dr Kłosowska, Dr Libhaber. Behind the professor, a nurse [2]
Figure 4
Prof. Ignacy Abramowicz surrounded by the staff of the Department of Eye Diseases at the Medical Academy in Gdańsk [17]
Drawing on his experience and international contacts, Abramowicz brought in surgical instruments and essential diagnostic equipment, significantly strengthening the department’s resources. At the same time, he emphasized that although he valued the advanced technology used in foreign centers, high-quality patient care did not always depend on such equipment. He believed that, even under the conditions then prevailing in Poland, it was possible to perform procedures at a level comparable to – and at times exceeding – that of better-equipped institutions abroad [2, 6, 20, 21].
Abramowicz headed the clinic until his retirement on 30 September 1960. Because the appointment of his successor was delayed, he continued to serve as acting head until 1962, when prof. Jerzy Morawiecki (1910–1997) took over the position [2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 17, 20].
Abramowicz’s legacy as an experienced clinician and surgeon includes mentoring numerous ophthalmology specialists, such as: E. Anisimowicz, A. Dybicka, B. Iwaszkiewicz-Bilikiewicz, W. Jabłońska, A. Kozakiewicz, and H. Szostakiewicz-Sawicka. Under his academic supervision, eight doctoral dissertations were completed, including: W. Jabłońska’s “Zmiana pola widzenia w nadciśnieniu” [Visual field changes in hypertension] (1951), A. Kozakiewicz’s “O niektórych próbach obciążających w jaskrze w związku z zachowaniem się ciśnienia w oczach przetokowych” [On certain stress tests in glaucoma in relation to pressure behavior in fistulized eyes] (1952), M. Wasilewski’s “Wylewy krwawe siatkówkowe i przedsiatkówkowe po transfuzji krwi” [Retinal and preretinal hemorrhages following blood transfusion] (1952), A. Dybicka’s “Badania kliniczne nad rolą układu sympatycznego w akomodacji oka” [Clinical studies on the role of the sympathetic system in ocular accommodation] (1961), I. Sawicka-Mielnik’s “Wpływ czynników meteorologicznych na występowanie niektórych chorób oczu” [The influence of meteorological factors on the occurrence of certain eye diseases] (1961), D. Fabiszewska-Górny’s “Biomikroskopia ciała szklistego w jaskrze” [Biomicroscopy of the vitreous body in glaucoma] (1963), L. Kurowski’s “Obraz dna oka w podciśnieniu ogólnym” [The fundus appearance in systemic hypotension] (1967), and B. Kotarska-Jerka’s “Zmiany adaptacji w wieku podeszłym” [Age-related changes in visual adaptation] (1967).
He also served as the supervisor for two habilitation theses: “Immunologiczne właściwości oka” [Immunological properties of the eye] (1949) by Tadeusz Krwawicz (1910– 1988) and “Jonizacje streptomycynowe w leczeniu chorób gałki ocznej” [Streptomycin iontophoresis in the treatment of diseases of the eyeball] (1963) by Irena Konarska (1901– 1985) [2, 3, 14, 17, 21–23].
Prof. Abramowicz received numerous honors, including the Knight’s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1954) [24], the Gold Cross of Merit (1936 and 1950) [25, 26], and the Medal of the 10th Anniversary of People’s Poland (1955) [27].
In 1965, he was honored by the Senate of the Medical Academy in Gdańsk with the title of doctor honoris causa for his contributions to the development of ophthalmology in Gdańsk. In 1975, he received the Medal of the 30th Anniversary of the Medical Academy in Gdańsk as well as the medal “For meritorious service to the Medical Academy in Gdańsk” [1, 3, 13, 17, 20].
Ignacy Abramowicz was actively involved in academic and public life. He belonged to many medical and ophthalmological organizations, including the Association of Polish Physicians in Vilnius and the Vilnius Medical Society (both operating until 1939), the Society of Polish Ophthalmologists, the French Ophthalmological Society (from the 1930s onward), and the editorial committee of the journal Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica [5]. He served on the Executive Committee of the International Association for the Prevention of Blindness between 1958 and 1960, and was a member of the Committee of Medical Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) from 1958. From 1951 to 1960, he was president of the Polish Ophthalmological Society, and in 1964, he was granted the title of honorary member of this society. Furthermore, he chaired the Ophthalmic Commission of the Scientific Council at the Ministry of Health and served as Poland’s delegate to the European Ophthalmological Society.
He presented his work at numerous international congresses, including in the Netherlands (1929) and Spain (1933), and spent several months in Sweden and Switzerland between 1945 and 1946. He did not belong to any political party. He was fluent in Russian, German, French, and English [3, 5, 6, 14, 17, 20, 28].
Abramowicz married Maria Owczarzewska in 1920 at the Roman Catholic Parish of the Holy Savior in Warsaw. In 1926, their daughter was born, who followed in her father’s footsteps and became a dentist. The marriage ended in divorce in 1949 [14, 29].
He died on 17 February 1982 in Gdańsk and was buried on 22 February 1982 at the Łostowice Cemetery in Gdańsk [6, 14, 20, 30].
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
Professor Abramowicz’s scientific output comprises 131 publications, 67 of which were written during the interwar period, with 14 appearing in international journals [2, 3, 5, 6, 17, 20].
Beyond scientific articles, Abramowicz also authored seve- ral concise ophthalmology textbooks: Okulistyka w nagłej potrzebie [Ophthalmology in emergency care] (1932) (Figure 5) [12, 13], Podręcznik okulistyki dla studentów i lekarzy [Textbook of ophthalmology for students and physicians] (1950) [31], Chirurgia oka w zarysie [An outline of eye surgery] (1952) (Figure 6) [32], and Podręcznik okulistyki [Ophthalmology textbook] (1957) [33].
Figure 5
Title page of the textbook Okulistyka w nagłej potrzebie. Do użytku studentów i lekarzy [Ophthalmology in emergency care. For use by students and physicians], Towarzystwo Wydawnicze “Pogoń”/“Pogoń” Publishing Society, Vilnius (Lithuania) 1932 [12, 13]
Figure 6
Title page of Ignacy Abramowicz’s textbook Chirurgia oka w zarysie [An outline of eye surgery], Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich/State Medical Publishing House, Warsaw (Poland) 1952 [32]
Although Abramowicz was not the author of internationally groundbreaking studies, his publications, especially the textbooks discussed above, played an important role in shaping the education of his generation of ophthalmologists. While his scientific legacy is primarily of historical relevance to modern ophthalmology, several of his publications deserve recognition.
Abramowicz devoted several works to the contemporary methods of visualizing intraocular lesions, including specialized techniques for fundus ophthalmoscopy [34], the benefits of using transillumination (diaphanoscopy) in various clinical cases [35, 36], and a comparison of the now largely forgotten method of diaphanoscopy with slit-lamp examination [37].
In another extensive article, the author outlined various methods for locating changes within intraocular structures. In it, he mentioned the focalizer developed by Adam Zamenhof (1888–1940) – son of the ophthalmologist and creator of Esperanto, Ludwik Zamenhof (1859–1917) [38, 39] – which was used for focusing light in the inverted image of a simplified Gullstrand ophthalmoscope model [40].
Another historically interesting paper addresses various methods for measuring blood pressure in the ocular vessels [41]. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of the measurement techniques known at the time alongside the author’s own investigations in the field.
Other noteworthy, though significantly shorter articles focused on the use of X-rays in the treatment of intraocular tumors [42], an anti-glaucoma surgery introduced by Prof. Juliusz Szymański [43], and the role of the vitreous body in accommodation [44] – a concept that has found validation in modern scientific research [45].
In the article concerning true and pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule [46], although the specific name is not explicitly mentioned, the author described the occurrence of this condition in glassworks workers, glaucoma patients, and elderly individuals – which aligns with current knowledge on the subject – and also provided a highly detailed illustration of the pathology (Figure 7).This is likely the first description of exfoliation syndrome in Polish literature [47].
Abramowicz’s original idea was the proposal to introduce air during cataract surgery [48] as a way to fill the anterior chamber and displace blood. While this method was not in use at the time, it is currently utilized in both cataract surgery and lamellar corneal transplants.
Selected English-language articles by Abramowicz published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology are also worthy of mention. Among other topics, they describe a case of complications following the topical application of mercuric ointment to the eyelids [49] and severe eye damage resulting from contact with liquid ammonia [50]. In a rather extensive article, Abramowicz presented the results of a study aimed at verifying a claim reported in the international literature regarding the occurrence of bitemporal visual field restriction in pregnant women [51]. Abramowicz examined 81 patients in their final month of pregnancy and found minor changes in the visual field in only two cases. In his conclusion, the author noted that the abnormal results reported by other researchers could have stemmed from the subjective nature of the test and the influence of numerous coexisting factors, such as light intensity, the color of the stimulus used, or its size, etc. [51].
In the final years of his life, Abramowicz suffered from hearing loss, which hindered his ongoing medical practice. Consequently, he turned his attention to analyzing the histological materials he had brought from Vilnius. This work resulted in several papers in the form of anatomical and histological contributions regarding various eye diseases, which were subsequently published in Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica [41, 50, 52–54].
LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS BY IGNACY ABRAMOWICZ
Abramowicz I. O jaglicy w wojsku na terenie Okręgu Korpusu Nr III [On trachoma in the army within the Corps District No. III]. Lekarz Wojskowy/Military Physician 1924; 4: 17–21.
Abramowicz I. Powikłania oczne w ostrych chorobach zakaźnych a utajona kiła [Ocular complications in acute infectious diseases and latent syphilis]. Medycyna Wileńska 1923; 1: 15–19.
Abramowicz I. O skroniowym ścieśnieniu pola widzenia podczas ciąży [On temporal narrowing of the visual field during pregnancy]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1925; 4: 163–180.
Abramowicz I. Ocular injury caused by liquid ammonia. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1925; 9: 241–242.
Abramowicz I. O ograniczonych zagłębieniach tarczy nerwu wzrokowego [On limited pits of the optic disc]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1926; 1: 15–20.
Abramowicz I. O urazowych torbielach rogówkowo-twardówkowych z wrośnięciem nabłonka do przedniej komory oka [On traumatic corneoscleral cysts with epithelial downgrowth into the anterior chamber of the eye]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1926; 2: 59–64.
Abramowicz I. Przyczynek do leczenia nieżytu wiosennego spojówki afenilem [A contribution to the treatment of vernal conjunctivitis with afenil]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1926; 3: 101–104.
Abramowicz I, Szymański J. O leczeniu zwężeń przewodu nosowo-łzowego sposobem Poularda [On the treatment of nasolacrimal duct strictures using Poulard’s method]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1926; 4: 175–179.
Abramowicz I. Kiła oka a salwarsan [Syphilis of the eye and salvarsan]. Polska Gazeta Lekarska/Polish Medical Gazette 1926; 5: 592.
Abramowicz I, Tymiński J. O słoniowatości nerwiakowej powiek i skroni [On neurofibromatous elephantiasis of the eyelids and temple]. Przegląd Piśmiennictwa Lekarskiego Polskiego/Review of Polish Medical Literature 1926; 2: 128.
Abramowicz I. Rhabdomyoma orbitae. Pamiętnik Wileńskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego/Memoirs of the Vilnius Medical Society 1926; 2: 135.
Abramowicz I. O wprowadzeniu sanochryzyny i neosalwarsanu do oka za pomocą jontoforezy [Iontophoretic ocular administration of sanocrysin and neosalvarsan]. Warszawskie Czasopismo Lekarskie/Warsaw Medical Journal 1926; 11: 528–530.
Abramowicz I, Wąsowski T. Wole oko i obustronny przerost małżowiny usznej pochodzenia przysadkowego [Exophthalmos with bilateral auricular hypertrophy of pituitary origin]. Polski Przegląd Laryngologiczny/Polish Laryngological Review 1926; 3: 163–170.
Abramowicz I. Sprawozdanie z trzyletniej działalności Oddziału Ocznego Wojskowego Szpitala Okręgowego nr III (1922–1924) [Report on the three-year activity of the Ophthalmic Department of the District Military Hospital No. III (1922–1924)]. Lekarz Wojskowy/Military Physician 1926; 11: 528–530.
Abramowicz I. O badaniu dna oka wziernikiem elektrycznym w półcieniu [On fundus examination with an electric ophthalmoscope under semidark conditions]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1927; 2: 55–57.
Abramowicz I. Badania nad ciśnieniem krwi w naczyniach oka (sfigmomanometrja oczna) [Studies on blood pressure in the vessels of the eye (ocular sphygmomanometry)]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1927; 3: 125–172.
Abramowicz I. W sprawie barwienia plam rogówkowych chlorkiem złota [On the staining of corneal opacities with gold chloride]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1927; 4: 180–185.
Abramowicz I, Grossman F. Dalsze badania doświadczalne nad wprowadzeniem neosalwarsanu do oka za pomocą jontoforezy [Further experimental studies on the introduction of neosalvarsan into the eye by means of iontophoresis]. Warszawskie Czasopismo Lekarskie/Warsaw Medical Journal 1927; 10: 365–366.
Abramowicz I. De l’introduction dans l’oeil de la sanocrisine a l’aide de l’ionisation. Archives d’Ophtalmologie 1927; 1: 48–52.
Abramowicz I, Mienicki M. L’influence de la ponction lombaire sur la pression artérielle rétinienne chez les malades syphilitiques. Archives d’Ophtalmologie1927; 44: 566–573.
Abramowicz I, Wąsowski T. Jaglica i nos [Trachoma and the nose]. Polska Gazeta Lekarska/Polish Medical Gazette 1927; 23: 433–434.
Abramowicz I, Tymiński J. O stosunku ciśnienia śródczaszkowego do krążenia krwi w siatkówce [On the relationship of intracranial pressure to retinal blood circulation]. Pamiętnik Wileńskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego/Memoirs of the Vilnius Medical Society 1927; 2–3: 135–144.
Abramowicz I. On bitemporal contraction of the visual field in pregnancy. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1927; 1: 17–27.
Abramowicz I, Wąsowski T. Le trachome et les affections du nez. Acta Oto- Laryngologica 1927; 11: 596–602.
Abramowicz I. O powikłaniach ocznych po nakłuciach i znieczuleniach lędź-wiowych [On ocular complications following lumbar punctures and anesthesia]. Medycyna/Medicine 1928; 42–43.
Abramowicz I, Szymański J. Tętnice rzęskowo-tęczówkowe jako wada rozwojowa. Przyczynek do sprawdzenia ciśnienia krwi w naczyniach oka [Cilioiridic arteries as a developmental defect. A contribution to verifying blood pressure in the vessels of the eye]. Chorwackie Stowarzyszenie Lekarskie/Croatian Medical Association 1928.
Abramowicz I. W jaki sposób można wytworzyć obraz zwichnięcia soczewki do przedniej komory [How an image of lens dislocation into the anterior chamber can be produced]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1928; 4: 1.
Abramowicz I, Dylewski B. Z kazuistyki uszkodzeń oczodołu [Case reports of orbital injuries]. Polski Przegląd Laryngologiczny/Polish Otolaryngological Review 1928; 1–2.
Abramowicz I. O oderwaniu warstwowym przedniej torebki soczewkowej [On lamellar delamination of the anterior lens capsule]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1929; 1: 8.
Abramowicz I. Nabłoniak złośliwy mięska łzowego [Malignant epithelioma of the lacrimal caruncle]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1929; 3–4: 3.
Abramowicz I. Anatomicznie badany przypadek bielma rogówkowego zabarwionego chlorkiem złota [An anatomically examined case of corneal leukoma stained with gold chloride]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1929; 3–4: 4.
Abramowicz I, Grossman F. O wpływie insuliny na stężenie jonów wodorowych w cieczy wodnej królika [On the effect of insulin on hydrogen ion concentration in the aqueous humor of the rabbit]. Rolnicza Drukarnia i Księgarnia Nakładowa/Agricultural Printing House and Publishing Bookstore, Poznań 1929; 6.
Abramowicz I. Un nouveau procédé de mesure des verres de lunettes cylindriques. XIII Concilium Ophthalmol 1929.
Abramowicz I. Wprowadzenie powietrza do przedniej komory podczas zaćmy [Introduction of air into the anterior chamber during cataract surgery]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1930; 1/2: 58.
Abramowicz I. Badania kliniczne i doświadczalne nad uszkodzeniem oczu ”henną” używaną do barwienia włosów [Clinical and experimental studies on ocular damage caused by henna used for hair dyeing]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1930; 3/4: 153–158.
Abramowicz I. Stwierdzenie objawu Bella za pomocą djafanoskopji [Detection of Bell’s phenomenon by means of diaphanoscopy]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1930; 3/4: 180–181.
Abramowicz I. Nouvelle méthode d’extraction intracapsulaire de la cataracte. Société Française d’Ophtalmologie 1931.
Abramowicz I. Nowy sposób wydobycia zaćmy w torebce (doniesienia tymczasowe) [A new method of intracapsular cataract extraction (provisional reports)]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1930; 3/4: 11–14.
Abramowicz I, Grossman F. Recherches expérimentales sur l’introduction dans l’œil du néosalvarsan à l’ionisation. Archives d’Ophtalmologie 1931; 6: 443–446.
Abramowicz I. Nowy sposób określania szkieł cylindrycznych [A new method for determining cylindrical lenses]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1932; 2: 3.
Abramowicz I. Obfuscatio lentis striata coronaria. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1932; 4: 419–422.
Abramowicz I. Okulistyka w nagłej potrzebie. Do użytku studentów i lekarzy [Ophthalmology in emergencies: for the use of students and physicians]. Towarzystwo Wydawnicze “Pogoń”/“Pogoń” Publishing Society, Vilnius 1932.
Abramowicz I. Rzadkie zmiany biomikroskopowe w obrębie błony Bowmana [Rare biomicroscopic changes within Bowman’s membrane]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1933; 2/3: 167–169.
Abramowicz I. Basedowiczne objawy powiekowe w zapaleniu mózgu [Basedow-like eyelid symptoms in encephalitis]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1933; 2/3: 170–172.
Abramowicz I, Dulewicz M. Dno oczu w erythema perstans [The ocular fundus in erythema perstans]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1933; 243–245.
Abramowicz I. O przyczynie prążkowatości promienistej soczewki [On the cause of radiate striation of the lens]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1933; 4: 3.
Abramowicz I. Uszkodzenie oczu zarodnikami grzyba [Eye damage caused by fungal spores]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1933; 4: 4.
Abramowicz I. Z kliniki porażeń nerwu okoruchowego [Clinical study of oculo-motor nerve palsies]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1933; 4: 6.
Abramowicz I. Przyczynek do obrazu biomikroskopowego tylnej powierzchni tęczówki [A contribution to the biomicroscopic appearance of the posterior surface of the iris]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1933; 4: 356–359.
Abramowicz I. Opacifications striees superficielles du cristallin. XIV Concilium Ophthalmologicum 1933; 224–225.
Abramowicz I. À propos de l’action du collargol sur la cornée (Étude biomicroscopique). XIV Concilium Ophthalmologicum 1933; 222–223.
Abramowicz I. Zastosowanie równoczesnego oświetlenia ogniskowego i światła przepuszczonego w biomikroskopii [The use of simultaneous focal illumination and transmitted light in biomicroscopy]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1934; 2: 3.
Abramowicz I, Wąsowski T. Drożność dróg odpływowych łez, a zmiany w nosie [Patency of the lacrimal drainage pathways and nasal changes]. Klinika Oczna/ Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1934; 3: 495–501.
Abramowicz I. Vioform w leczeniu zapalenia krawędzi powiekowej [Vioform in the treatment of blepharitis marginalis]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1934; 3: 507–510.
Abramowicz I. Torbiele doświadczalne tęczówki [Experimental cysts of the iris]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1934; 4: 611–617.
Abramowicz I, Wąsowski T. O zespole nerwu nosowo-rzęskowego [On the nasociliary nerve syndrome]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1935; 1: 6.
Abramowicz I. Patologoanatomicznie zbadany przypadek cienia naczyń siatkówkowych [A pathoanatomically examined case of retinal vessel shadow]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1935; 2: 8.
Abramowicz I. Operacja ”pół-Elliot” Szymańskiego w obrazie histologicznym [Szymański’s ‘half-Elliot’ operation in the histological picture]. Klinika Oczna/ Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1935; 4: 6.
Abramowicz I, Zalewski W. Über die Autotransplantation von Kanincheneierstöcken in die vordere Augenkammer zum Zwecke einer frühzeitigen Graviditätsdiagnose. Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie 1935; 11: 634–639.
Abramowicz I, Wąsowski T. Die Wegsamkeit der Tränen-abflusswege und die Veränderungen in der Nase. Monatsschrift für Ohrenheilkunde und Laryngo--Rhinologie 1935; 1: 60–64.
Abramowicz I, Wąsowski T. Über den Symptomenkomplex des Nervus naso-ciliaris. Monatsschrift für Ohrenheilkunde und Laryngo-Rhinologie 1935; 2: 171–176.
Abramowicz I. W sprawie udziału ciała szklistego w akomodacji [On the role of the vitreous body in accommodation]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1936; 2: 125–129.
Abramowicz I. Ciśnienie krwi ogólne podczas operacji na gałce ocznej [Systemic blood pressure during surgery on the eyeball]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1936; 3: 177–195.
Abramowicz I. Über das Sklerom. Folia Oto-Laryngologica Orientalia 1936; 3–4: 223–227.
Abramowicz I, Wąsowski T, Łapiński A. Z badań nad twardzielą [From studies on scleroma]. Nowiny Lekarskie/Medical News 1936; 144–145.
Abramowicz I. W sprawie oznaczania na twardówce południka obliczonego za pomocą perametrii wziernikowej [On marking the meridian calculated by ophthalmoscopic perimetry on the sclera]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1938; 6: 2.
Abramowicz I. Metody lokalizacji w oku [Methods of localization in the eye]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1938; 6: 28.
Abramowicz I. Choroby oczu pochodzenia zębowego [Eye diseases of dental origin]. Polski Tygodnik Lekarski/Polish Medical Weekly 1946; 19: 585–589.
Abramowicz I. Deposition of mercury in the eye. British Journal of Ophtalmology 1946; 30: 696–697.
Abramowicz I. Podręcznik okulistyki dla studentów i lekarzy [Textbook of Ophthalmology for Students and Physicians]. Lekarski Instytut Naukowo Wydawniczy/Medical Scientific Publishing Institute, Warsaw 1947.
Abramowicz I. Karpe Gosta: Elektroretinografia, nowy sposób klinicznego badania oka [Karpe Gosta: Electroretinography, a new method of clinical examination of the eye]. Polski Tygodnik Lekarski/Polish Medical Weekly 1947; 3: 78–79.
Abramowicz I. Zdobycze okulistyki radzieckiej [Achievements of Soviet ophthalmology]. Zdrowie publiczne/Public Health 1949; 9/10: 96–99.
Abramowicz I. Podręcznik okulistyki dla studentów i lekarzy [Textbook of Ophthalmology for Students and Physicians]. Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich/State Medical Publishing House, Warsaw 1950.
Abramowicz I. Promieniolecznictwo w okulistyce [Radiation therapy in ophthalmology]. Pamiętnik XXI Zjazdu Towarzystwa Okulistów Polskich w Krakowie w 1949 r. [Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the Polish Ophthalmological Society in Krakow in 1949] 1950; 146–148.
Abramowicz I. O wpływie ciałka szklistego na akomodację [On the influence of the vitreous body on accommodation]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1951; 1/2: 103.
Abramowicz I. Chirurgia oka w zarysie [An Outline of Eye Surgery]. Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich/State Medical Publishing House, Warsaw 1952.
Abramowicz I, Brokman H. Zmiany w narządzie wzroku w przebiegu ostrego gośćca u dzieci [Changes in the organ of vision during acute rheumatism in children]. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnętrznej/Polish Archives of Internal Medicine 1952; 1a: 282–284.
Abramowicz I. Zmiany rogówkowe po zastosowaniu sulfatiazolu [Corneal changes following the use of sulfathiazole]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1953; 23: 255–257.
Abramowicz I. Zapalenie miąższowe rogówki i jaskra [Interstitial keratitis and glaucoma]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1954; 24: 41–43.
Abramowicz I. Objawy oczne w guzach śródczaszkowych [Ocular symptoms in intracranial tumors]. Postępy Okulistyczne/Ophthalmic Advances 1954; 1: 5–18.
Abramowicz I, Titz-Kosko J. Zapalenie tęczówki w chorobach gośćcowych [Iritis in rheumatic diseases]. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnętrznej/Polish Archives of Internal Medicine 1954; 24: 435–445.
Abramowicz I. Starzenie się oka [Aging of the eye]. Postępy Okulistyczne/Ophthalmic Advances 1955; 2: 7–33.
Abramowicz I. Oftalmologia (w Polsce 1944–1954) [Ophthalmology (in Poland 1944–1954)]. In: Hirszfeld L (ed.). Dziesięciolecie medycyny w Polsce Ludowej 1944–1954 [A decade of medicine in People’s Poland 1944–1954]. Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich/State Medical Publishing House, Warsaw 1956; 353–358.
Abramowicz I. Podręcznik okulistyki [Ophthalmology Textbook]. Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich/State Medical Publishing House; Warsaw, 1957.
Abramowicz I, Melanowski W. Akademik prof. Władimir Petrowicz Fiłatow [Academician Prof. Vladimir Petrovich Filatov] (1875–1956). Klinika Oczna/ Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1957; 2: 105–109.
Abramowicz I. W sprawie operacji ocznych u głuchoniemych [On eye surgeries in the deaf-mute]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1957; 27: 299–300.
Abramowicz I. O sposobach diafanoskopowych w przypadkach nowotworu naczyniówki [On diaphanoscopic methods in cases of choroidal tumor]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1958; 28: 239–242.
Abramowicz I. Tkanevce lećenie po Filatovu v Polśe. Oftalmologicheskii Zhurnal 1958; 8: 471–473.
Abramowicz I, Burau J, Wlazłowski Z. Wydobycie z oka niemagnetycznego ciała obcego pod kontrolą promieni Roentgena [Extraction of a non-magnetic foreign body from the eye under X-ray control]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1958; 5: 432–436.
Abramowicz I. W sprawie rozpoznania różnicowego nowotworów oczodołu [On the differential diagnosis of orbital tumors]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1961; 31: 134–145.
Abramowicz I. Uwagi o cyklodializie [Remarks on cyclodialysis]. Klinika Oczna/ Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1962; 32: 153–155.
Abramowicz I. Biomikroskopia soczewki w polu czerwonym [Biomicroscopy of the lens in the red field]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1962; 32: 225–226.
Abramowicz I. Oparzenie oka ludzkiego wapnem w obrazie histopatologicznym [Lime burn of the human eye in the histopathological picture]. Klinika Oczna/ Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1962; 32: 421–425.
Abramowicz I. W sprawie zewnątrztorebkowego wydobycia zaćmy [On extracapsular cataract extraction]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1963; 33: 167–169.
Abramowicz I. Przyczynek do patologii zapalenia współczulnego [A contribution to the pathology of sympathetic ophthalmia]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1963; 3/4: 409–416.
Abramowicz I. Przyczynek do rozpoznania nadwichnięcia soczewki [A contribution to the diagnosis of subluxation of the lens]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1964; 34: 467–468.
Abramowicz I. Krwotok wypierający – klinika i patologia [Expulsive hemorrhage – clinical features and pathology]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1965; 35: 325–331.
Abramowicz I. Narząd wzroku [The organ of vision]. In: Bochenek A, Reicher M (eds.). Anatomia człowieka. Tom VII: Układ nerwowy obwodowy i autonomiczny. Powłoka wspólna. Narządy zmysłów [Human anatomy. Volume VII: The peripheral and autonomic nervous system. The common integument. Sense organs]. Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich/State Medical Publishing House, Warsaw 1965; 544–609.
Chylińska H, Abramowicz I. Factors affecting onset of vascular complications in diabetic children (diabetic retinopathy). Pediatria Polska/Polish Journal of Paediatrics 1966; 41: 435–440.
Abramowicz I. Cysticercus intraocularis. Histologia części błoniastych oka. Zainteresowanie sądowo-lekarskie [Cysticercus intraocularis. Histology of the membranous parts of the eye. Forensic medical interest]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1967; 37: 733–734.
Abramowicz I. W sprawie diagnostyki oftalmoskopowej chorób nerwu wzrokowego [On the ophthalmoscopic diagnosis of optic nerve diseases]. Polski Tygodnik Lekarski/Polish Medical Weekly 1967; 22: 471.
Abramowicz I, Chylińska H. Use of Schlichtkrull’s index in evaluating the degree of stability of diabetes in children. Pediatria Polska/Polish Journal of Paediatrics 1968; 43: 29–34.
Abramowicz I. Czerniak złośliwy naczyniówki a krwiak podsiatkówkowy (przyczynek patologoanatomiczny) [Malignant melanoma of the choroid and subretinal hematoma (an anatomopathological contribution)]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1969; 39: 89–91.
Abramowicz I. Niektóre osobliwości czerniaka złośliwego ciała rzęskowego w obrazie histologicznym [Selected peculiarities of malignant melanoma of the ciliary body in the histological picture] Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1969; 39: 467–468.
Abramowicz I. Tuberculoma iridis et corporis ciliaris (przyczynek anatomopatologiczny) [Tuberculoma iridis et corporis ciliaris (an anatomopathological contribution)]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1969; 39: 881–882.
Abramowicz I. Powikłania operacyjne w obrazie histopatologicznym (iridodialysis completa, iridocyclitis phaco-anaphylactica) [Operative complications in the histopathological picture (iridodialysis completa, iridocyclitis phaco-anaphylactica]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1969; 39: 897–899.
Abramowicz I. Retinochoriopatia a przełom w chorobie Addisona (przyczynek anatomopatologiczny) [Retinochoriopathy and crisis in Addison’s disease (an anatomopathological contribution)]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1970; 40: 99–101.
Abramowicz I. Dysplasia retinae, aplasia et hypoplasia uveae (przyczynek anatomopatologiczny) [Dysplasia retinae, aplasia et hypoplasia uveae (an anatomopathological contribution)]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1970; 40: 103–105.
Abramowicz I. Glaucoma hemorrhagicum (przyczynek anatomopatologiczny) [Glaucoma hemorrhagicum (an anatomopathological contribution)]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1970; 40: 223–225.
Abramowicz I. Sclero-perikeratitis progressiva w obrazie histologicznym [Histo-logical features of sclero-perikeratitis progressiva]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1970; 40: 237–239.
Abramowicz I. Jaskra i krótkowzroczność (przyczynek anatomopatologiczny) [Glaucoma and myopia (an anatomopathological contribution)]. Klinika Oczna/ Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1970; 40: 414–418.
Abramowicz I. Haemorrhagia subchondroidale post operationem in oculo glaucomatoso (przyczynek anatomopatologiczny) [Haemorrhagia subchondroidale post operationem in oculo glaucomatoso (an anatomopathological contribution)]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1970; 40: 417–418.
Abramowicz I. Zachowanie się siatkówki w przebiegu czerniaka złośliwego naczyniówki (badania histologiczne) [Behavior of the retina in the course of malignant melanoma of the choroid (histological studies)]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1970; 40: 563–565.
Abramowicz I. Czerniak złośliwy naczyniówki z torbielą rzekomą (przyczynek anatomopatologiczny) [Malignant melanoma of the choroid with a pseudocyst (an anatomopathological contribution)]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1970; 40: 567–568.
Abramowicz I. Ophthalmia sympatica latens (badania anatomopatologiczne) [Ophthalmia sympatica latens (anatomopathological studies)]. Klinika Oczna/ Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1970; 40: 853–854.
Abramowicz I. Przerzuty śródoczne w przypadkach czerniaka złośliwego błony naczyniówkowej oka [Intraocular metastases in cases of malignant melanoma of the uveal tract]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1971; 41: 103–104.
Abramowicz I. Iridocyclitis phaco-antigenica (badanie anatomopatologiczne) [(Iridocyclitis phaco-antigenica (an anatomopathological study)]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1971; 41: 243–246.
Abramowicz I. Rak spojówki gałkowej z wtórnym zajęciem rogówki i przebiciem do wnętrza oka (przyczynek anatomopatologiczny) [Carcinoma of the bulbar conjunctiva with secondary involvement of the cornea and perforation into the interior of the eye (an anatomopathological contribution)]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1971; 41: 567–568.
Abramowicz I. Zmiany pozapalne błony naczyniowej oka (badanie anatomopatologiczne) [Post-inflammatory changes of the uvea (anatomopathological study)]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1971; 41: 581–582.
Abramowicz I. Przyczynek do histologii żelazicy oka [A contribution to the histology of ocular siderosis]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1971; 41: 695–696.
Abramowicz I. Ubarwienie czerniaka złośliwego naczyniówki a niektóre jego właściwości [Pigmentation of malignant melanoma of the choroid and some of its properties]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1971; 41: 791–792.
Abramowicz I. W sprawie badania pola widzenia metodą konfrontacji [On the examination of the visual field by the confrontation method]. Polski Tygodnik Lekarski/Polish Medical Weekly 1971; 26: 1362.
Abramowicz I. Okulistyka i jej stosunek do innych gałęzi medycyny [Ophthalmology and its relationship to other branches of medicine]. Polski Tygodnik Lekarski/Polish Medical Weekly 1971; 26: 1713–1715.
Abramowicz I. Staphyloma corneae. Staphyloma intercalare (badania anatomopatologiczne) [Staphyloma corneae. Staphyloma intercalare (anatomopathological studies)]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1972; 42: 759–761.
Abramowicz I. Microphthalmos cum cysti orbitali proliferatio pseudogliomatosa in orbita (przyczynek anatomopatologiczny) [Microphthalmos cum cysti orbitali proliferatio pseudogliomatosa in orbita (an anatomopathological contribution)]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1972; 42: 929–931.
Abramowicz I. Przyczynki do histopatologii czerniaka przytarczowego [Contributions to the histopathology of peripapillary melanoma]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1973; 43: 73–74.
Abramowicz I. Wstęp do badania wrażeń subiektywnych oka [Introduction to the study of subjective ocular sensations]. Polski Tygodnik Lekarski/Polish Medical Weekly 1973; 23: 1202–1203.
Abramowicz I. W sprawie orzecznictwa sądowo-lekarskiego w okulistyce [On forensic medical expert evaluation in ophthalmology]. Polski Tygodnik Lekarski/ Polish Medical Weekly 1974; 22: 920.
Abramowicz I. Ophthalmia sympathica et iridocyclitis phaco antigenica. Klinikav Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1974; 44: 157–158.
Abramowicz I. Iridocyclitis tuberculosa w obrazie histologicznym [Histological features of iridocyclitis tuberculosa]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1975; 45: 157–159.
Abramowicz I. Ostre uszkodzenie gałki ocznej podczas chromianowania [Acute ocular injury during chromate treatment]. Klinika Oczna/Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica 1975; 45: 361–362.
